Why Humans Have Smaller Faces Than Neanderthals

A recent study led by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology has shed light on why modern humans (Homo sapiens) have significantly smaller and more delicate faces compared to Neanderthals. Researchers found that a key factor in this difference is the timing of facial growth during development.

According to Alexandra Schuh, lead author of the study, human facial growth stops earlier—around puberty—whereas in Neanderthals and chimpanzees, it continues for a longer period. This early growth halt results in a smaller face in adulthood.

To reach these conclusions, scientists analyzed facial development from birth to adulthood across different species. By examining bone cell activity, they identified a decrease in growth that coincides with puberty in humans.

Understanding these developmental changes provides insights into how species-specific traits evolved in humans. The study highlights key mechanisms shaping the human skull, offering a glimpse into the evolutionary processes that distinguish us from our ancient relatives.